Religion in the cultures of the Middle East. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Furthermore infertile women are considered to be dangerous to fertile women, especially those who are pregnant, who have demonstrated their reproductive success repeatedly, or who have finally achieved a coveted pregnancy through technological means such as in vitro fertilization. Apart from being the largest religion in the Middle East, it is also one of the largest religions in the world. Islam; Pilgrimage, article on Muslim Pilgrimage. The misunderstandings tend to be mutual. Pasadena, Calif., 1973. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The Ḥamadsha: A Study of Moroccan Ethnopsychiatry. Middle East's Muslim population accounts for roughly 20% of the world's Muslim population. Making an Egyptian Pharaonic Costume. In The Evil Eye: A Casebook, edited by Alan Dundes, pp. Middle Eastern culture is very broad since it not only includes countries in Asia but also in Africa. Edinburgh, Scotland, 1978. In the neighboring countries of the Arab Gulf and Levant (Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Jordan), ḥukamā ʿarabi (Arabic doctors) may provide a variety of herbal, spiritual, and other physical remedies for difficult afflictions, such as male infertility and impotence, sometimes operating out of their own clinics and charging high prices for their services. Middle Eastern Americans, overall, share visible physical characteristics, history in the region as well as in the U.S., religious traditions, including Mizrahi and Sephardic Judaism, Eastern Christianity, and Islam, along with a rich cultural heritage of common values, sensibilities in art, food, music, epic stories, etc. The Middle Eastern diet falls under the category of a Mediterranean diet, which incorporates the foods and cuisines of the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. Mental health conditions in the Middle East. Despite widespread Western misconceptions about technological "backwardness" in the Middle Eastern world, the Middle East is home to thoroughly modern, high-tech, Western-based biomedicine, often delivered in gleaming private hospitals and medical centers throughout the region. 84 0 obj The practices of cupping and cautery were the most common healing methods employed in pre-Islamic times, according to medical historians (Ullman, 1978). As suggested by this great variety of popular healers, ethnomedical beliefs about the causes of ill health and its treatment are multifaceted and complex in the Middle East, defying easy categorization. Encyclopedia of Religion. Middle Eastern religion - Middle Eastern religion - Religious practices and institutions: Fertility of agriculture, of edible animals, and of the human population was a paramount factor in the life and religion of the ancient Middle East. What effects might a civil war have on a population's mental health? The forms that the fertility rites assumed varied from region to region, depending on climate and geography. Pediatricians should respect patients' health beliefs that may not be consistent with a biomedical model of disease etiology. Journal of Men's Studies 10 (2002): 343–359. Thousands of Muslim pilgrims make ziyārāt, or visits, to saints' shrines, some large, some small, dotting the urban and rural landscapes of countries like Morocco, Tunisia, and Egypt but also in Middle Eastern countries outside the Arab world, including Turkey and Iran. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, Healing and Medicine: Popular Healing Practices in Middle Eastern Cultures. Yet despite official Islamic opposition, popular healing practices continue unabated, attesting to their power and importance in the minds of ordinary Muslims. Middle East's Muslim population accounts for roughly 20% of the world's Muslim population. Misconception of Middle Eastern Culture and Religion | Melika Rahmani | TEDxJMU Melika is a student at James Madison University. 5. Rosenberg, Lior, Amiram Sagi, Nador Stahl, Baruch Greber, and Patrick Beni-Meir. In the World Health Organization’s (WHO) World Health Report issued in 2000, the UAE ranked 27 in the world for its performance. Health and Wholeness . Identifying them can be time consuming for the busy clinician. According to medical historians, however, prophetic medicine was actually a syncretic blend of biblical Jewish medicine as contained in the Book of Leviticus ; Persian medicine as taught in the famous medical school of Gondeshapur, which was attended by several of the Prophet's relatives; nomadic Bedouin medicine as practiced in Arabia (particularly in Medina and Mecca) during the Prophet's lifetime; and Hippocratic-Galenic yunāni medicine from Greece. Apart from being the largest religion in the Middle East, it is also one of the largest religions in the world. About 20% of the world's Muslims live in the Middle East. Gran, Peter. As noted at the beginning of this essay, high-tech biomedical therapies such as in vitro fertilization exist simultaneously in the Middle East with popular healing practices such as the zār cult. ••• Cautery may be used directly on the site of a patient's bodily complaint (e.g., lower back, arm or leg joints), or it may be used on other sites of the body to "tighten" relaxed nerves and muscles. In Women in the Muslim World, edited by Lois Beck and Nikki Keddie, pp. The Middle East is home to a rich medical history and is one of the few regions of the world in which written materials concerning health-related ideologies, practices, and professional standards date back literally five thousand years. In Muslim Travellers: Pilgrimage, Migration, and the Religious Imagination, edited by Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori, pp. The study of mental health in the Middle East is an area of research that continues to grow in its scope and content. "The Evil Eye and Infant Health in Lebanon." Ottawa, 1980. While the United States has long been considered to be a nation of immigrants, the bulk of the newcomers during most of the nation's history were from the various European cultures with … Furthermore, such research is timely, given calls for an "Islamic alternative" to the hegemony of postcolonial Western biomedicine in the region. The English word health literally means wholeness and…, Islamic medicine Medicine played a prominent role in science and culture in the pre-modern Middle East. Dwyer, Daisy Hilse. Ullman, Manfred. For example, many countries in the Middle East still have arranged marriages and require that women cover their head and/or face to varying degrees. Orientation Getting God's Ear: Women, Islam, and Healing in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf. Islamic religious leaders and groups are increasingly spreading the word that popular healing practices, especially those that involve saint worship, are a form of shirk, or polytheism, which is ḥaram, or forbidden in the religion. Saints of the Atlas. With rapidly growing economies linked to oil, tourism and the financial industry, countries in this area have a large population of expats from all around the world. As Peter Gran (1979) points out, the Ṣūfī cults and their shrines flourished in countries such as Egypt because they catered to the spiritual, psychological, and political needs of the lower classes as well as to their medical complaints. I was wearing […] Health care in the Middle East. A key principle shared by many Asian cultures is a holistic view of health, with an emphasis on balance and harmony between the individual’s mind, body, and environment (Trinh- Shevrin, 2009). In the Middle East in the early twenty-first century, opposition to popular healing rituals does not come mainly from biomedical quarters. Indeed, biomedicine can be thought of as a historical newcomer to this region of the world. Identification. Research indicates that close to 94% of Middle East's population belonged to Islam. . 3. Swagman, Charles F. Fijaʿ. 189–210. %PDF-1.5 . Dundes, Alan, ed. London, 1990. stream It is the most important cultural factor that shapes people’s attitudes and ideologies. Social Science and Medicine 15B (1981): 219–235. Maloney, Clarence, ed. Islam is the most widely followed religion in the Middle East. Tapper, Nancy. POPULATION: 40 million between Muslim/Middle Eastern patients and medical providers. Indeed zār has been described by some scholars as a proto-feminist challenge to women's objectification and subordination (Boddy, 1989), a way to challenge authority and compensate for exclusion from formal religion in the Muslim world (Doumato, 2000). However, when this feeling consistently lasts over a certain length of time, it turns in to clinical depression. ?Al��ƹ'?� �z�7yקE�=���A`�Պ?���6�Oυ�/&�|�*��N�N5u>��ݪ���ո�ȧk'I"Z�u���ުn�C��|�J� ���@^���"�$^bEIx��urx���%aL�$�v�t�Еp7���}�h��}z��Y�:��*�� �;L�]� �@F��ʹ3��|9~�$p>��3�c/��d�G�h,�̶�JK���@�'M����|'��s�PہǤ��i;+y�["9R��ql�G x0!cMq ������ i]��A��L��h@��1;����G�/��Gk)�]��\$}8�R��Xx�X��B?�|�Ǿ��!dzR������� ӧ�h����@77 d�Ӆ@�7�aw�2��޾��z�x�O��>t�M�����i��\a%�� /����V�B��#��M]� �;�}�7m^��C���w��jN=ϳ������Z��M���?�z����. The Mediterranean diet has garnered praise for its role in keeping the body healthy and staving … RELIGION: Islam; Chr…, Islam Even though most of the inhabitants are Muslims, some practice Christianity. New York, 1976. Washington, D.C., 1978. Thus middle- to upper-class Middle Eastern patients can avail themselves of medical diagnosis and treatment services in cities such as Jiddah, Saudi Arabia; Cairo, Egypt; Tehran, Iran; or Beirut, Lebanon, with expectations that the services rendered will be on a par with those offered in the best medical centers in the West. For the masses of rural and urban poor people who visit these sites as pilgrims—given that healing pilgrimage of this sort tends to be a class-based phenomenon in the Middle East these dead saints are believed to radiate barakah, a living form of beneficial power associated with divine blessing, grace, or holiness that is transferable to their descendants, followers, and visitors (Biegman, 1990). To take one example from the Middle East, Egyptian ethnomedical beliefs about the causes of infertility range from humidity to sorcery and include the possibilities of an open back, a shock, a polluting entrance, an angered spirit-sister under the ground, and the ultimate cause, which is always God's will. Women who are reproductively troubled and who may be blamed for the evil eye seek refuge in the zār cult in some parts of the Middle East. Amulets may also be store-bought, such as small charms made of gold, silver, or other metals, or they may be made of brightly colored pieces of cloth, sometimes adorned with shiny metallic coins. Health Disparities: The Case of Arab/Middle Eastern Immigrants in The United States. Even though women's ziyārāt often require money from husbands and, in most cases, permission to travel by husbands or other family members, the pilgrimage typically remains an exclusively female activity, with shrines often serving as protected "female turf" (Betteridge, 1983). In other words, religion can be a protective factor against suicide. "Healing and Medicine: Popular Healing Practices in Middle Eastern Cultures When considering the spread of knowledge, the Middle East is strategically important in a geographical sense – namely, Golden Age medicine was founded by integrating healing traditions of the Ancient Greeks and Romans in the West, along with those of the Persians and Indians in the East. Dols, Michael W. Medieval Islamic Medicine: Ibn Ridwān's Treatise "On the Prevention of Bodily Ills in Egypt." 2. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 82 (1988): 277–280. Most of these shrines contain the tombs of dead saints, and some, especially the relatively famous ones, host magnificent mosque-tomb complexes. For this reason, they provide notable examples. If you’re interested in this area of the world, you’ll want to know the heads of state in the region, acronyms people use in the Middle East, and some basic Islamic terms, because many — although by no means most — of the world’s Muslims reside here. Each section describes the staple foods, meal patterns, cooking techniques, and food-related customs and traditions. For example, some Latino/Hispanic families believe in folk illnesses such as empacho (gastrointestinal discomfort), susto (a form of panic attack), or mal de ojo (evil eye). Use of herbs from native plants. Madison, Wis., 1989. These are some of the public health issues the region has to deal with today. 5 health threats facing the Middle East. When the vessel is placed over the flame, it extinguishes the flame and causes vapor to rise. Health beliefs can have a profound impact on the clinical care of Asian patients in the United States, affecting the accuracy of health histories and compliance with treatment recommendations from Western providers. Biegman, Nicolaas H. Egypt: Moulids, Saints, Sufis. Boddy, Janice. CHARACTERISTICS OF MANY TRIBES. Encyclopedia.com. "Medical Pluralism in Arab and Egyptian History: An Overview of Class Structures and Philosophies of the Main Phases." Social Science and Medicine 27 (1988): 233–240. Countries of the Middle East – a link to a list of 11 countries. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 8 (1974): 103–107. Dietary law: Rules And Customs In World Religions; Health and Disease. The author describes health beliefs and practices of the Arab Muslim population in the United States. 127–138. "The Rise of Female Healers in the Middle Atlas, Morocco." How This Impacts Care •Patient brings 1 or 2 additional people to visit who listen carefully for patient and may answer for patient. Filipino Americans who have been in the U.S for a long time are more acculturated to the American health system than those who recently migrated. In the early twenty-first century, the poor, and poor women in particular, continue to worship dead, miracle-working saints whose tombs, if relatively accessible, they may visit on a regular basis. Furthermore beliefs in harmful spirits and spirit possession are found across the Middle Eastern region, from Morocco to Iran. The procedure is painful, burning the skin and leaving a permanent scar. Boulder, Colo., 1993. Historically prophetic me… Under the rubric of waṣfāt baladī (traditional remedies) or it ṭibb il- ʿarabī (Arabic medicine), popular healing in the Middle East comes in many forms other than saint veneration. For most Middle Eastern Muslims, it is a personal and professional third rail to call for the removal of religion from public life, let alone to call into question God’s existence. "Ziyaret : Gender, Movement, and Exchange in a Turkish Community." However, the date of retrieval is often important. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 12 (1988): 85–112. "Ethno-Ophthalmology in the Egyptian Delta: An Historical Systems Approach to Ethnomedicine in the Middle East." Inhorn, Marcia C. Quest for Conception: Gender, Infertility, and Egyptian Medical Traditions. %���� In addition, the activities of the pilgrimage itself—including the respite from everyday routine; the exhilaration of travel to a spiritually "magnetic" center (Preston, 1992); the cathartic effects of unburdening one's "private heartaches" (Tapper, 1990) on a nonjudgmental but responsive holy one who can be requested to act on one's behalf; the ability to be part of a sympathetic, experienced community of female sufferers who often congregate at these shrines (Mernissi, 1977); and the ministrations of the living, barakah -bestowing shaikh s who often attend to these shrines and who pray and write healing amulets for suffering pilgrims—are part and parcel of the healing process. As with cupping and cautery, the use of prophylactic and curative amulets dates to pre-Islamic Arabic folk medicine; however, the use of amulets was not denounced by the prophet Muḥammad and was eventually incorporated into prophetic medicine. Hospitals were secular institutions that provided aid regardless of ethnicity or religion. The Mediterranean diet has garnered praise for its role in keeping the body healthy and staving … Section 2 addresses Islamic beliefs affecting healthcare. Pilgrimages to saints' tombs allow women to reaffirm, if only temporarily, control over their lives and their personal well-being through actions that are autonomous from men. London, 1980. 3d ed. They have had an enduring influence on Western civilization. 12 Jan. 2021 . While each of the many countries commonly considered part of the "Middle East" is unique, there is a binding ethnic fabric that should be considered. Middle Eastern Americans, overall, share visible physical characteristics, history in the region as well as in the U.S., religious traditions, including Mizrahi and Sephardic Judaism, Eastern Christianity, and Islam, along with a rich cultural heritage of common values, sensibilities in art, food, music, epic stories, etc. Mushāhara ) and Threatened Fertility in Egypt." Middle East culture and beliefs to pray several times a day, including while at work. Well-equipped and well-staffed for a relatively small population, there are around 70 hospitals and 150 clinics, making up a competent health care infrastructure. "Women, Saints, and Sanctuaries." According to a recent global study, the Middle Eastern region suffers from the highest rates of depression, anxiety disorders, PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder), and suicide. Thus, many of the Thus, many of the nurses included in the studies took time out of work to pray every day . Berkeley, Calif., 1990. The Middle East is the birthplace of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, all monotheistic religions that grew from the same tradition. View Academics in Middle Eastern Health Care Beliefs on Academia.edu. The Evil Eye. Today, the terms Eastern medicine and Asian medicine are more commonly used in this country, and perhaps they are the better terms. And how far gone is the issue of obesity across Middle Eastern countries? Eickelman, Dale F. The Middle East and Central Asia: An Anthropological Approach. Through the zār they find a social etiology for their suffering (i.e., harmful spirits), a sense of community solidarity with other similarly afflicted women, and a way to press for demands (e.g., new clothing, jewelry, feasts) through the idiom of spirit possession and the invocation of these spirits through joyful music and dance. On the one hand, belief in barakah and the abilities of barakah- bestowing dead saints to perform miraculous cures, including the restoration of fecundity to the infertile (Inhorn, 1994a), brings hope to those whose health problems seem intractable or who have failed to find relief in other therapeutic venues. Cambridge, Mass., 1978. Given its perceived efficacy in the treatment of rheumatic, muscular, and gynecological complaints, cupping is widely performed by both lay cupping (kasr or kaʾsāt hawāʾ ) persons and ethnomedical healers such as midwives in countries such as Egypt. Boulder, Colo., 1993. Health care organizations should implement strategies to recruit, retain, and promote at all levels of the organization a diverse staff and leadership that are representative of the demographic characteristics of the service area. 2. Harmony with natural environment (e.g., animals, plants, sky, and earth) is important for health. Mind-body-spirit integration. Relationships between Middle Eastern patients and Western health care professionals are often troubled by mutual misunderstanding of culturally influenced values and communication styles. El Messiri Nadim, Nawal. The most widespread religion in the Middle East is Islam. Relationships between Middle Eastern patients and Western health care professionals are often troubled by mutual misunderstanding of culturally influenced values and communication styles. "New Spells for Old: Expectations and Realities of Western Medicine in a Remote Tribal Society in Yemen, Arabia." Although they respect American medicine in general, Middle Eastern Christians are relatively wealthy, well educated, and politically moderate, as they have today an active role in various social, economical, sporting and political aspects in the Middle East. It is fair to conclude that Islam—at least in its more populist form—has always been a major influence on the healing practices, pilgrimages, and rituals that continue, unabated, among the poorer urban and rural communities in the Middle East in the early twenty-first century. Relationships between Middle Eastern patients and Western health care professionals are often troubled by mutual misunderstanding of culturally influenced values and communication styles. https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/healing-and-medicine-popular-healing-practices-middle-eastern-cultures, "Healing and Medicine: Popular Healing Practices in Middle Eastern Cultures The majority of people that make up the Middle East are we Arab Muslims who together share certain values, traditions, and old beliefs that are remarkably different from those of Westerners. The Internet offers a wealth of information on world cultures as well as resources for multilingual patient education materials. Philadelphia, 1994a. View Academics in Middle Eastern Health Care Beliefs on Academia.edu. For this reason amulets often adorn the clothing of infants and young children. There is a considerable intra-cultural diversity among Filipino Americans with regards to health beliefs and health … Typically, ziyārāt to the mosque-tombs of blessed saints are journeys that women make alone, allowing them the opportunity to demonstrate their agency and independence. In many cases, pilgrimages and healing rituals are undertaken during the exact hour of the Friday communal noon prayer—the most important one in the Islamic weekly cycle of thirty-five prayers. Austin, Tex., 1976. This syncretic association of healing practice with Islamic prayer ritual is extremely significant, even though it is disdained by religiously literate orthodox Muslims. Choice and Ambiguity in Morocco's Pluralistic Medical System." According to Doumato (2000), in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century the zār cult could be found virtually everywhere in the Arabic-speaking world and was integrated into the lives of women of all social classes. Gellner, Ernest. Although Middle Easterners vary ethnically, they do share a core of common values and behavior that include the … Healing and Medicine: Popular Healing Practices in Middle Eastern Cultures Whereas biomedicine is viewed for the most part as being ḥalāl, or compatible with Islamic doctrine, many alternative healing practices are considered ḥaram by religiously literate Muslims and conservative Islamists (so-called fundamentalists), who see these practices as being "against God," "against the religion," or "like believing in something besides God." Retrieved January 12, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/healing-and-medicine-popular-healing-practices-middle-eastern-cultures. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). 3. Although pharaonic medicine and later yunāni medicine were extremely important literate medical traditions in this region of the world, this essay begins with a brief history of prophetic (Islamic) medicine, which arose during the period following the Prophet Muḥammad's death in 632 ce and which still represents an extremely influential healing tradition throughout the region. According to DSM-V (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders), professionals diagn… 1. PwC takes a highly holistic approach to the health industries sector in the Middle East. Reviews of Books About Ancient Cultures. It is not surprising, therefore, that previous traditions live on—not as organized medical systems per se, but rather as numerous syncretic healing philosophies characterized by a multifaceted array of etiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic beliefs and practices regarding the nature of health and illness and the treatment of various forms of sickness. Books about Egypt and Sumer. ." Nonetheless, prophetic medicine acquired great significance during later Islamic history and, in some cases, came to counter and supersede the then powerful yunāni medical system, which was suspected as being a science of heathen origin. New York, 2003. Each section describes the staple foods, meal patterns, cooking techniques, and food-related customs and traditions. Myntti, Cynthia. Wearing a hand of Fatima as a piece of jewelry is thought to prevent human harm and illness. In Egypt, for example, there are four major categories of traditional healers, including dāyāt (lay midwives), who deliver babies and provide many types of "ethnogynecological" care to lower-class women patients (Inhorn, 1994a); ʿaṭṭārīn (herbalists), who work with a rich ethnopharmacopeia of herbal and mineral substances and are often skilled ethnobotanists in their own right; munaggimīn (spiritist healers), who are known for specializing in diagnostic clairvoyance and the treatment of the more difficult, socially mediated causes of ill health (e.g., infertility, impotence), including angered spirits and the sorcery acts of enemies; and shuyūkh bil-baraka (blessed shaikh s), who are typically, but not necessarily, associated with Ṣūfī orders and who bestow their own inherited or acquired barakah on patients through faith healing (i.e., laying on of hands, reading of the Qurʾān, writing healing amulets with religious inscriptions, and praying over the afflicted). State-of-the-art new hospital complexes and hi-tech equipment, along with plenty of well-qualified staff, cater for the rising prospects of national citizens. Misconception of Middle Eastern Culture and Religion | Melika Rahmani | TEDxJMU Melika is a student at James Madison University. 2. There is a considerable intra-cultural diversity among Filipino Americans with regards to health beliefs and health practices. Prophetic medicine was also popular with the people, for it incorporated traditional concepts and practices from Arab folk medicine, such as the writing of religious sayings in curative amulets, belief in the evil eye, and the practice of cupping (application of heated cups on the skin), all of which continue to be widely practiced in many parts of the Middle East in the early twenty-first century. ... cultural health beliefs and practices and preferred language. ••• health and Wholeness Healing is an Action whose goal is the birthplace of Judaism, Christianity and! 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