10.8). Presumably fish farming in Europe evolved from these monastic holding ponds, after it was observed that carp could breed and grow in these ponds. This approach is necessary if one is interested in exploration, development, and production of a petroleum reservoir. } Figure 10.9. Aggregate resources, such as sand, gravel, and stones, have been exploited from the Baltic Sea offshore for more than a century and are today being mined by Poland (gravel: 280 m3 × 106, sand 35 m3 × 106), Denmark (gravel: 300 m3 × 106, sand 2510 m3 × 106), Russia (gravel and sand: 400 m3 × 106), and Germany (gravel and sand: 25 m3 × 106) (Schwarzer, 2010). Each of the five countries bordering the Caspian Sea has their own regulations for various fisheries. This apparent hydrologic restriction for the biosphere could be related to specific chemical and thermal conditions that are appropriate for metabolism. In contrast to the North Sea, Caspian Sea, and Black Sea, the oil and gas exploitation potential of the Baltic Sea is very small. Gas and oil fields will be found onshore in deeper basins and in Triassic or Permian reservoir rocks. Note that an extremophile (from Latin extremus meaning extreme and Greek philia meaning love) is an organism that thrives in physically or geochemically extreme conditions (eg, extraordinarily hot or acidic) that are detrimental to most life on Earth (see Rothschild and Mancinelli, 2001; Rampelotto, 2010). windowHref += '? Caspian salmon (actually a species of trout) and Sturgeon also migrate up rivers such as the Volga and Ural for spawning. Food webs in the Caspian Sea are similar to those of ocean food webs. if (windowHref.indexOf('?') The area closest to this shoreline is characterized by a large coastal plain, known as the Caspian Plain. Within a decade oil production from the region jumped to 1 million tons of oil annually [5]. In 1986, a ship with water from a European port, probably taking on cargo at the St. Claire River, dumped ballast water and released the zebra mussel into North America. Tectonic processes: most large long-lived lakes occur in basins of tectonic origin. The Absheron peninsula is also an important area for oil extraction in the region and is where the modern oil industry in the Caspian Sea region began [2]. There are several sources of pollution in the Caspian Sea. 374 000 km2 of the modern Caspian Sea and in depth from less than 1 m to 1741 m in Lake Baikal. The Caspian Sea is a brackish sea/lake located in central Asia. When Azerbaijan was absorbed into the Soviet Union Nobel brothers Oil was forced out of the region [5]. The Caspian Sea, termed as the world’s largest inland body of water is situated on the borders of Europe and Asia. This results in increased primary productivity in the northern region of the Caspian sea [1]. This implies that hydrate-forming fluids of mud volcanoes were hypersaline, perhaps ∼71 g l−1, with excess hydrocarbon gases of thermogenic origin. Mud volcanoes can form on shallow seafloor (eg, Caspian Sea), on top of seamounts (South Chamorro Seamount), and on islands (eg, Andaman Islands). The temperature of the bottom water is 5–6°C and the seafloor is well within the gas hydrate stability zone. The Caspian Sea is located on the border of Europe and Asia. var windowHref = window.location.href || ''; For example, highly permeable zones in the formation may attract and concentrate ions and/or dissolved gases (eg, methane, hydrogen) required for metabolic activity. between lat 37° and 47° N, long 46° and 54° E); it is bounded on the south by Persia. The blue color of the rock comes from the presence of the predominant minerals glaucophane and lawsonite. (Source: Arttoday. Lett. > -1) { R. Matsumoto, in Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, 2001. Oil and Gas Fields of the Caspian Sea [17]. //