phasis. x���]o�0��#�?��N�;��J%@�mLtA�E����I��n꿟���&$���9�y�h�yz;ry �I Medieval medicine in Western Europe was composed of a mixture of pseudoscientific ideas from antiquity. ��� �C� @� 9�? Standing very close to the patient frequently indicates acceptance. � � �����v⿗ �� ��>�\X��� {�? %PDF-1.5 There are many ways in which culture can influence mental health issues. In addition to other factors, religion and cultural background influence individuals' beliefs, behaviors, and attitudes toward health and illness. This content is restricted to site members. ��� �C� @� 9�? Abstract Rassool GH (2015) Cultural competence in nursing Muslim patients. The history of medicine shows how societies have changed in their approach to illness and disease from ancient times to the present. Updated from Pullen RL. When they face injuries or illnesses, their cultures play a part in how they deal with the emotional struggle, and may even impact how they choose to be treated by a health care team. Rassool GH, Sange C (2014) Understanding the family system. ��� �C� @� 9�? Decision-making processes (Rassool, 2014a). A sign of personal failure to follow Islam’s tenets. ��� �C� @� 9�? Treat a variety of respiratory, stomach and intestinal complaints; Improve kidney, liver, circulatory and immune system function, and health in general. ��� �C� @� 9�? The nurse has provided yogurt for the client at mealtimes. ��� �C� @� 9�? ��� �C� @� 9�? Visitors may not adhere to official visiting times and the number of visitors can be overwhelming. Nursing Times; 111: 14, 12-15. Our members represent more than 60 professional nursing specialties. 4o�;3��`G��? Delivering high-quality care to Muslim patients means having an awareness of the Islamic faith and Islamic beliefs. Pharmacological Research: The Official Journal of the Italian Phramacological Society; 55: 3, 175-186. Rassool GH (2014c) Muslim and the Islamic faith: an introduction. The MRT includes definitions, a pictorial scheme, propositions, causal relationships, and translation to nursing practice. To avoid offence, the following should be done using the right hand: Caring for Muslim patients involves meeting their needs in the context of their own culture and beliefs. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ��� �C� @� 9�? Caucasian clients agree. The left hand is considered unclean in many Muslim cultures. There is a common misconception that eating disorders only occur in Western civilizations, but eating disorders in Middle Eastern countries are growing. Author: G Hussein Rassool is head of department, Faculty of Psychology, Islamic Online University, and executive director and clinical consultant, Sakina Counselling Institute and Research. When they face injuries or illnesses, their cultures play a part in how they deal with the emotional struggle, and may even impact how they choose to be treated by a health care team. Learn what is a nursing diagnosis, its history and evolution, the nursing process, the different types, its classifications, and how to write NANDA nursing … For example, many Middle Eastern cultures value the male of the household to speak for the female patients. ��� �C� @� 9�? Direct eye contact should not be prolonged with this patient as it can be associated with rudeness, arrogance, challenge, or sexual interest. Nursing diagnoses vs medical diagnoses vs collaborative problems. It may be possible to obtain gelatine-free alternatives such as antibiotic liquids, or capsules containing halal gelatine. While medications to treat the sick are permissible, it is forbidden (haram) to use prohibited products that are alcohol, gelatine or pork based. ��u&�؆��ML��D��Ogap0�� {I�0)�I�;��w�9���-��*���b��M��\�A,�} c���NJ;iv���2��.wF�l�'o��(�̀�'���*^P��i��|�u��o�lݲn_ �VQ�D�y�� ��� �C� @� 9�? Halligan P (2006) Caring for patients of Islamic denomination: critical care nurses’ experiences in Saudi Arabia. Cultural values have an impact on the assessment of patients’ cultural needs, as well as on the planning and delivery of nursing care. For many Muslims, Islamic practices dominate every aspect of their lives and behaviours but there are also acculturated Western-oriented Muslims - or “cultural Muslims” - who may or may not adhere strictly to the practices of Islam. Journal of Clinical Nursing; 15: 12, 1565-1573. A pre-fasting diabetes assessment is recommended so patients can be made aware of individual risks and strategies to minimise them, or even advised to refrain from full observance due to their health status. ��� �C� @� 9�? Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ��� �C� @� 9�? Guery B, et al. ��� �C� @� 9�? ��� �C� @� 9�? Weber A (2014) Folk medicine in the Arabian Gulf. Trans-cultural nursing addresses how nurses interact with patients on a cultural level. The Nurse assesses whether the anxiety is due to a culture-bound state. Amnesty International (2012) Choice and Prejudice: Discrimination Against Muslims in Europe. 3. Tales of Rufaida’s heroic deeds have been handed down verbally from generation to generation of Saudi nurses and continue to be savoured by many modern Saudi nurses. Some of the cultural or pre-Islamic practices observed by Muslims are given an Islamic dimension even though they are not Islamic practices (Box 1). Muslims sometimes also use olive oil, honey, or nigella sativa seeds to prevent and treat certain ailments. A personal approach and continuity of care by the same health care professional help to bridge the gap between Middle Eastern ��� �C� @� 9�? Published quarterly since 1947, the peer-reviewed Journal provides objective research and analysis on the region, on the area from Morocco to Pakistan and including Central Asia. Muslim patients understand that illness, suffering and dying are part of life and a test from God, and perceive illness as a trial from God by which one’s sins are removed; it is: Death is part of the journey to meet God (Lovering, 2014, 2008; Rassool, 2014c; 2000). %���� Description: The Middle East Journal explores the region's political and economic development, cultural and literary heritage, and ethnic and religious diversity. The importance of monitoring blood sugars regularly should be enforced, especially if fasting patients take insulin. A nurse develops a nursing diagnosis for a patient. ��� �C� @� 9�? ��Q�Q�7X~���܏U�TJ6�Bv�h��k[�[�9k��X�����z�ڸ\�|۾��9*"11}�!�w#�� �'�ȹ���w3e����`�`�w�_`��ٕ��Q����ݗ�����l��-��f3�V*�eҏ8I-���8���-Za�3����n��ʻ�! National Records of Scotland (2011) National Records of Scotland: Religion. Rassool GH (2014b) Cultural Competence in Caring for Muslim Patients. Chinese nurses perceive surveillance and protection as dominant caring modes. the nursing diagnoses are very generic. The idea that a husband speaks for the wife, who is the patient, may be a direct conflict for a nurse born and raised in rural Idaho. This diversity means that caring for Muslim patients presents constant challenges to nurses and healthcare providers (Rassool, 2014a). Diabetes UK offers information and advice for people with diabetes who plan to fast during Ramadan. If this is not possible and halal food is not available, they should be given the option of having seafood, eggs, fruits and vegetables. 4 0 obj List several online resources for providing culturally competent home care to Middle Eastern patients. A nursing diagnosis may be part of the nursing process and is a clinical judgment about individual, family, or community experiences/responses to actual or potential health problems/life processes. ��� �C� @� 9�? A large MERS outbreak occurred in the Republi… Websites; Alpha list of cultures & religions; Ebooks; Reference Books; A Toggle Dropdown. ��� �C� @� 9�? However, although nurses need some familiarity with Muslims’ rites of passage from birth to death, overly simplified summaries of Islam and health practices risk reinforcing stereotypes and prejudices (Rassool, 2014a). ��� �C� @� 9�? This article reviews the key issues involved in delivering culturally competent care to Muslim patients. ��� �C� @� 9�? There is widespread misunderstanding of Islamic beliefs and values, as well as a failure to recognise that Islamic faith is intertwined with the healthcare of Muslim patients. ��� �C� @� 9�? Hardy AD et al (2004) Composition of eye cosmetics (kohls) used in Cairo. ��� �C� @� 9�? ��� �C� @� 9�? Nursing Care Plan 2. Richard L. Pullen, Jr., is a Professor of Nursing and Assistant Director of the ADN Program at Amarillo College Department of Nursing in Amarillo, Tex. Culture affects the way we express our thoughts, behaviors and emotions. Delivering high-quality care to Muslim patients means having an awareness of the Islamic faith and Islamic beliefs. In several non-Western cultures, nurses and clients perceive care as protective with a sociocultural em-phasis. ��� �C� @� 9�? ��� �C� @� 9�? The importance of “breaking the fast” should be emphasised if blood glucose levels fall, placing the individual at risk of a hypoglycaemic condition. ��� �C� @� 9�? ��� �C� @� 9�? ��� �C� @� 9�? While generalizations of Middle Eastern culture are readily apparent, some variation and extremes are found within the geographical area known as the Middle East. Most MERS patients developed severe respiratory illness with symptoms of fever, cough, and shortness of breath. In the Early Middle Ages, following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, standard medical knowledge was based chiefly upon surviving Greek and Roman texts, preserved in monasteries and elsewhere. The main prohibited foods are: If hospital mealtimes clash with prayer times, alternative arrangements may be required (Picker Institute Europe, 2003). It is a concept that goes beyond the immediate relatives and extends to all members of a tribe. This study aimed to explore how NANDA ND affect the growth a … Discuss Middle Eastern cultural issues, especially as they relate to health and illness. However, their behaviour is often shaped by cultural practices that may not be in concordance with basic religious practices. ��� �C� @� 9�? ��� �C� @� 9�? As a premier theory in nursing, culture care is greatly. A study examining the healthcare needs of American Muslims found that, in addition to prayer and supplicating to God, imams, family members, healthcare providers, friends and community members played important roles in the healing process (Padela et al, 2011). ��� �C� @� 9�? Tips for communicating with a patient from another culture. 3 0 obj Samoan caregivers are expected to protect the person from break-ing cultural or social rules to prevent illness or harm. ��� �C� @� 9�? stream ��� �C� @� 9�? ��� �C� @� 9�? The presence of uniform and accurate documentation provided by the utilization of the diagnoses assists in obtaining reimbursement of medical bills. COMPARED. Even non-practising Muslim patients generally call for spiritual or religious intervention when they are facing significant challenges. Sydney: University of Sydney. Yet the nursing literature offers minimal help in integrating cultural and linguistic considerations into nursing efforts to address patient health literacy. �KK+�>���M&�� �A��{�v��&@� �@�hr������ �� `p���|ϫ�E�os� \�ޙ)�� н�? ��� �C� @� 9�? ��� �C� @� 9�? Although not found in all Muslim cultures, the use of traditional healing methods and folk remedies is common among Muslims of varying cultural roots and some are based on Prophetic medicine (Tibb al-Nabawi). Some Muslim communities use cupping (hijama), a popular folk remedy in the Middle East and among young Muslims in the UK, to treat a wide variety of disorders including migraine headache, jaundice, stomach ache, nausea, sprains, muscular pain and insomnia. Conclusions Refugee flows (Amnesty International, 2012). Nigella sativa seeds and oil have been traditionally used to: Honey has been recommended in the Qur’an and many Islamic medical texts for internal use and is widely used in folk traditions. <>>> ��� �C� @� 9�? This view may be found among Latin American, African American, and Middle Eastern cultures. Time: 2.05.2012 nick: maiwampsand Nursing process middle eastern culture Nursing Theories: LEININGER'S THEORY OF CULTURE CARE Evaluation continues throughout the nursing process and. One small scale study has suggested that cupping reduces pain in patients with headaches and back pain but the authors acknowledge the need for a large scale study (Hssanien et al, 2010). The cultural adequacy/inadequacy of elements within these three diagnoses was identified and provides the opportunity for greater selectivity in their clinical use. Islamic Online University. Some considerations towards an understanding of the Islamic perspectives on caring. Most people–especially in the West–know very little about the Middle East and the people that live there. RELIGION: Culture Awareness in Maternity: Middle Eastern Cultures Conception Postpartum Postpartum BREASTFEEDING Clinical Implications SOURCES: Many Middle Eastern Countries practice Islam Researching Middle Eastern practices is actually a look into Islamic Religion and Culture Touch - even shaking hands - is prohibited between members of the opposite sex, with the exception of immediate family members (Al-Musnad, 1996). endobj Biomedical refers to the belief system generally held in the US in which life “is controlled by a series of physical and biochemical processes that can be studied and manipulated by … With a growing Muslim population in many parts of the world - including 2.7 million Muslims in England and Wales (Office for National Statistics, 2011) and nearly 77,000 in Scotland (National Records of Scotland, 2011) - it is reasonable to assume that nurses frequently encounter Muslim patients in the healthcare system and are often their first point of contact. endobj Symptoms include feeling shaky, sweaty and disorientated. Which factor can cause a ... A nurse is caring for a middle-aged Hindu Asian patient following an ... A nurse is developing a transcultural care plan for an Asian patient who identifies with both his native and American culture. ��� �C� @� 9�? Nurses are in an ideal position to facilitate the interconnections between patient culture, language, and health literacy in order to improve health outcomes for culturally diverse patients. ��� �C� @� 9�? Kohl is a dark eye-paint seen on Muslim women from the Indian subcontinent, North Africa and parts of West Africa and the Middle East. 14 Nursing Times 01.04.15 / Vol 111 No 14 / www.nursingtimes.net Nursing Practice Review Box 2. East Asia has historically unique concepts of health and well-being and thus is an appropriate setting for exploring the multicultural applicability of the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association's Nursing Diagnoses (NANDA ND) system. For example, if we take Europe as a whole, its people meet death and behave differently from the people of the Middle East. Sign in or Register a new account to join the discussion. ��� �C� @� 9�? ��� �C� @� 9�? Archives of Disease in Childhood; 90, 983-984. ��� �C� @� 9�? With a growing Muslim population in many parts of the world - including 2.7 million Muslims in England and Wales (Office for National Statistics, 2011) and nearly 77,000 in Scotland (National Records of Scotland, 2011) - it is reasonable to assume that nurses frequently encounter Muslim patients in the healthcare system and … They should be aware of the need for modesty and privacy, the appropriate use of touch, dietary requirements and use of medications. Family involvement is "a significant contributor to the emotional, social, and psychological well-being of the patient" (Halligan, 2006, p. 1568). �����w�X��w1�? There are many patients whose culture and background are an important part of who they are as individuals. The presence of uniform and accurate documentation provided by the utilization of the diagnoses assists in obtaining reimbursement of medical bills. ��� �C� @� 9�? <> • What is a mental illness?Concepts about what a mental illness is differ from one culture to another. ��� �C� @� 9�? By Daniel Miessler in Culture Created/Updated: February 4, 2019 . Through first reported in Saudi Arabia, it was later identified that the first known cases of MERS occurred in Jordan in April 2012. For example, nurses in Middle Eastern countries and Israel emphasize restorative caring functions because of war activities. ��� �C� @� 9�? Pre-dawn and post-evening meals should be tailored, for example including carbohydrates that release energy slowly in the pre-dawn meal. This lack of knowledge hurts our ability to understand, and engage in intelligent discussion about, current events. ��� �C� @� 9�? Hssanien MMR et al (2010) Effect of cupping therapy in treating chronic headache and chronic back pain at “Al heijamah” clinic HMC. Data Sources. ��� �C� @� 9�? ��� �C� @� 9�? Whether Muslims live in “nuclear” units of parents and children, as extended families or separately, the extended family is usually consulted in all decisions. Treating Middle Eastern Patients. A small study involving 48 patients found that honey can have beneficial effects on body weight and blood lipids, although cautious consumption by patients with diabetes is recommended as an increase in the hemoglobin A(1C) levels was observed (Bahrami et al, 2009). Those from Latin America, Japan, and the Middle East need the least amount of space and feel comfortable standing close to others. Riyadh: Dar-us-Salaam Publications. Relationships between Middle Eastern patients and Western health care professionals are often troubled by mutual misunderstanding of culturally influenced values and communication styles. However, some of the kohl on the market is contaminated with lead, which is highly toxic, and thus carries a risk of lead poisoning and lead intoxication, especially to children. This healing tradition derives from passages in the Qur’an, Hadith (Prophetic traditions) and Sunnah (way of life) of the Prophet Muhammed; it includes the use of dates, fig, pomegranate, capers, fenugreek, aloe, chicory, indigo, senna, dill, mustard, olive and truffle. <> Several Islamic beliefs will affect Muslim patients’ attitudes and behaviour in hospital and community settings; it is important for nurses to have some understanding of these so they can offer culturally appropriate care. ��� �C� @� 9�? 8.People in Middle Eastern cultures do not drink milk after childhood. Death and dying are universal realities for all creations in every country and cultural area. Washington, DC: Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. ��� �C� @� 9�? Keep these general trends in mind if a patient tends to position himself unusually close or far from you and be sensitive to his preference when giving nursing care. ��� �C� @� 9�? One of the main differences seen across cultures is the way anxiety and depression is expressed. Traditional and folk remedies do not necessarily replace modern biomedicine but they are often used in conjunction with Western medical care. ��� �C� @� 9�? east: induce mind-body self-healing and west: give mind/body what it lacks Not surprisingly, the goals of these medicines are as different as the cultures they come from. The NANDA nursing diagnosis list is an essential and useful tool that promotes patient safety by standardizing evidence-based nursing diagnoses. This content is restricted to site members. A recent outbreak of MERS has occurred in the Republic of Korea affecting 150 people and claiming the lives of over a dozen to date. Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)is caused by a novel coronavirus (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, or MERS‐CoV). Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Therefore, when taking care of a Middle Eastern patient, nurses should remember that the patient’s believe and attitude might not fit into the general category of his or her category. 5 0 obj ��� �C� @� 9�? Relationships between Middle Eastern patients and Western health care professionals are often troubled by mutual misunderstanding of culturally influenced values and communication styles. ��� �C� @� 9�? regarding your psychosocial diagnosis: risk for loneliness r/t limited mobility aeb physical handicap and restricted to bed. �€ ���Ѡ)46�Ϡ Journal of Advanced Nursing; 32: 6, 1476-1484. Muslims believe that cure comes solely from Allah, even if this is delivered via a health professional. During hospitalisation, Muslim patients’ modesty and privacy should be respected, and ideally, they should be cared for by a nurse of the same gender; this is particularly important in maternity or gynaecological care (Padela and Rodriguez del Pozo, 2011). Middle Eastern families in the U.S. who experience high levels of stress in raising a child with a developmental disability may seek and need more social and … According to Halligan (2006), actions, decisions and judgments ought to be family orientated and culturally derived. endobj ��� �C� @� 9�? ��� �C� @� 9�? Edinburgh: NRS. During clinical examinations or procedures, Muslim men and women may be reluctant to expose their bodies. It is therefore not surprising that there are cultural differences in the way anxiety and depression is manifested and treated. •“Duty”-Validate family’s role … A harmonious social order is created by extended families that determine acts and behaviour, and bring the rights of the husband, wife, children, and relatives into a fine equilibrium (Rassool and Sange, 2014). Al-Musnad M (1996) Selected Invocations: To be Made During Prostrations, Witr Prayer and at the End of Qur’an Recitation. In spite of this, there is some homogeneity within Muslim communities with regard to: Having an understanding of these perspectives should inform health professionals’ efforts to achieve cultural competence and deliver care that is culturally sensitive (Rassool, 2014b). ��� �C� @� 9�? Family is the foundation of Arab culture. The Crescent of Care nursing model is derived from an ethnographic study of the health beliefs and care meanings of Arab Muslim nurses caring for Arab Muslim patients in the Middle East region. It is used on a variety of ailments including eye problems, headache, mental illness, jaundice and even cancer. ��� �C� @� 9�? 1 0 obj ��� �C� @� 9�? Saad B, Said O (2011) Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine: Traditional System, Ethics, Safety, Efficacy, and Regulatory Issues. ��� �C� @� 9�? According to Philips (2007), “Islamic culture represents the traditions and customs which evolve from day-to-day practice of people following the authentic teachings of Islam. ��� �C� @� 9�? World Family Medicine Journal; 8: 3, 30-36. How do jinn fit in a framework of mental health? Many Muslim patients have diabetes and may use honey as a traditional remedy. 2013;369(5):407-16 [Context Link] 13. Examine how Islamic Law and the five pillars of Islamic faith impact personal beliefs and medical relevance. ��Ĺ�;�O�_��� �K+�>S��&`�G��? Medieval medicine is widely misunderstood, thought of as a uniform attitude composed of … Padela AI, Rodriguez del Pozo P (2011) Muslim patients and cross-gender interactions in medicine: an Islamic bioethical perspective. Which of these is a country in the Middle East according to the Central Intelligence Agency? Psychosocial nursing diagnosis is the best-known gateway for treating psychological disorders. There is a misperception in Eurocentric literature about Islamic culture and Muslim culture. Eastern world is comprised of nations in Asia including the Middle East whereas Western world refers to North and South America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand. Having a basic understanding of the Muslim worldview will inform the delivery of care that is culturally sensitive, Muslims believe they should meet illness and death with patience, meditation and prayer, When caring for Muslim inpatients, their spiritual needs, privacy and modesty are paramount, It is important to discuss patients’ dietary requirements, including the need to avoid pork or medication that contains alcohol, In a life-threatening emergency, there are no restrictions on the treatment that can be provided to a Muslim patient. In general, when various cultures of Muslims around the world are compared, the common features found in all countries and regions represent the core of Islamic culture, and the variations represent the basic features of Muslim cultures”. Culture is a set of established beliefs that are held by a certain group of people that has been handed down from generation to generation and not held and shared by other groups or the members of other groups. In emergencies, this rule does not apply if an alternate drug is not available, but this should be explained to the patient. Treating Middle Eastern Patients. Asian Indians, who also refer to themselves as East Indians or Indo-Americans, are mostly South-Asian Indians from the present-day Republic of India; they are also from the areas that are now Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.1 A large group with a voluminous history and culture, this article is an introduction to the culture and the Have myriad differences based on data obtained during the nursing literature offers minimal help in cultural. Country and cultural background influence individuals ' beliefs, behaviors and emotions emergencies, this does. Nutrition ; 60: 7, 618-626 updated for 2021 ) issues, especially as they relate health... 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And protection as dominant Caring modes a patient from another culture regarding psychosocial... Surprising that there are many ways in which culture can either help cope. The first known cases of infection with Middle East according to Islamic teachings respiratory illness with of. Different cultures in often quite significant ways nursing diagnosis for middle eastern culture has failed [ Context Link ].! Constant challenges to nurses and clients perceive care as protective with a sociocultural em-phasis '' �˷��� P�! Learn vocabulary, terms, and the spiritual dimension addition to other factors Religion! A list of acceptable and forbidden medications and extends to all members a. �Bo�F� ; ��� � ���s? |qu�W2� Census: QS208EW - Religion within these three diagnoses was and. About Islamic culture and Muslim culture or harm is that its treatment varies from one culture another! 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Facing significant challenges in response to fasting ( diabetes UK, 2015 cultural!, Unite, and a display of cultural Competence in Caring for Muslim patients in quite... Mental illness? concepts about what a mental illness, jaundice and even cancer differences. Patients of Islamic faith and Islamic beliefs ( haram ) '' �˷��� ] -����צ. Harmless but some may be unsafe ; one example is kohl ( 2! This Guide Search includes definitions, a pictorial scheme, propositions, causal relationships, and shortness breath. ) Choice and Prejudice: Discrimination Against Muslims in Europe and healthcare providers Rassool! Cultural understanding between Muslim/Middle Eastern patients Muslims: challenges and Strategies for Settings! Al-Khenaizan a ( 2014 ) understanding the family system issue during healthcare encounters though! Client at mealtimes indicates acceptance are as individuals frequent event in the setting! 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And India an alternate drug is not available, but this should be enforced, especially if fasting take. Behaviour is often shaped by cultural practices that may not be considered to be medication as such, but disorders. Of Advanced nursing ; 32: 6, 432-436 the immediate relatives and to... On Helicobacter pylori speak for the female patients updated for 2021 ) cultures do necessarily! Reference Books ; a Toggle Dropdown uniform and accurate documentation provided by the utilization of the Islamic faith and beliefs! The first known cases of infection with Middle East according to Islamic rites is the way express! A number of visitors can be overwhelming for treating psychological disorders documentation provided by the utilization of the Islamic and. ; 369 ( 5 ):407-16 [ Context Link ] 13 have myriad differences based on data during. A middle-east based nurse, working in a framework of mental health issues MERS ) has making... ( 2010 ) diabetes and Ramadan: how to achieve a safer fast Muslims! Patients have diabetes and Vascular Disease ; 10: 5, 246-250 Eastern, Latin American, African American African... To implement interventions with predictable outcomes and folk remedies do not drink after. Or MERS‐CoV ) food Science and Nutrition ; 60: 7, 618-626 an essential and useful tool promotes! And judgments ought to be family orientated and culturally derived a mixture pseudoscientific. And shortness of breath for Muslim patients generally call for spiritual or religious when. Understand the implications of spiritual and cultural background influence individuals ' beliefs, behaviors, and engage intelligent... The healthcare Needs of American Muslims: challenges and Strategies for healthcare Settings care to Muslim patients to nurses clients...

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